The German cockroach (Blattella germanica) is the most widely distributed species of Blattaria, and closely related to human household activities. As a exotic species that invaded China in the early 1980s, it has now become predominate pest in urban environment in China. This paper analyzes the causes for B. germanica to become a predominant population of cockroach in cities of China from the perspectives of biological, economic and environmental factors, and discusses the management strategy of urban populations.

Metallothioneins (MT) are a class of cysteine-rich, low-molecular-weight metal-binding proteins widely distributed in organisms, which can chelate various metal ions. In recent years, MT has been increasingly studied in different aspects due to its special functions. This paper briefly describes the structural characteristics, physical and chemical properties, and distribution ofMT and reviews the research advances in its participation in detoxication, free radical scavenging, and trace element metabolism.

Objective To observe the killing effects of 0.05% diphacinone sodium in the form of wax-coated poison bait corn granules, wax-coated poison bait wheat granules, or wax-coated poison bait mixed granules on Rattus norvegicus and Mus musculus in rooms. Methods A total of 760 rooms (around 15 m² every room) were selected from the area with centralized residence in Zhangma Village, Jinan, China; wax-coated poison bait mixed granules were placed in 249 rooms, wax-coated poison bait corn granules were placed in 267 rooms, and wax-coated poison bait wheat granules were placed in 244 rooms. In each room, 3 piles of wax-coated poison bait (10 g/pile) were placed for 4 d, and observation was performed for 26 d. The killing effect of wax-coated poison bait was evaluated by grid/plate method (S400). Results The killing rates of wax-coated poison bait mixed granules and wax-coated poison bait corn granules were 97.45% vs. 92.44% (u=5.22, P<0.01) for R. norvegicus and were 100% vs. 99.47% (u=1.46, P>0.05) for M. musculus. The killing rates of wax-coated poison bait mixed granules and wax-coated poison bait wheat granules were 97.45% vs. 96.59% (u=1.19, P>0.05) for R. norvegicus and were both 100% for M. musculus. Conclusion Wax-coated poison bait has good killing effects on R. norvegicus and M. musculus. Wax-coated poison bait mixed granules, which are composed of wax-coated poison bait corn granules and wax-coated poison bait wheat granules at a ratio of 7:3, have a better killing effect on R. norvegicus than wax-coated poison bait corn granules.

Blattella germanica has become a worldwide pest that is the most difficult to control. This paper reviews the population characteristics of insecticide B. germanica and how to scientifically monitor its insecticide resistance, accurately describe the resistance level of its population,and effectively utilize the monitoring data, so as to investigate the seasonal adaptation and timely control of B. germanica and the application of metapopulation theory in the population density control of B. germanica in urban areas.

Objective To explore a suitable method of protein extraction from German cockroach ( Blattella germanica) in order to provide a basis for proteomic studies of B. germanica. Methods The adults of B. germanica were defatted with acetone and five protein extracts (TCA/acetone, RIPA, Tris-HCl, 1% SDS and lysate) were used for protein extraction. The concentration of protein was measured with the Bradford methods and the efficacy of protein extraction of the individual method before and after defatting was compared by SDS-PAGE analysis. Results Defatting contributed to the extraction of protein from B. germanica. In the five protein extraction methods, RIPA lysate was most effective. The results showed that the protein bands of female and male adults were 13 and 16, respectively, followed by the methods of SDS, Tris-HCl and lysate, with the TCA/acetone method being the least effective in terms of protein extraction. Conclusion Defatting with acetone makes for protein extraction from B. germanica; and RIPA lysate is more effective for protein extraction from adult B. germanica.

Objective To observe the role of ecological approaches to deratization in keeping the rat density in large hotels as low as possible, providing a scientific basis for future deratization. Methods First, 0.005% bromadiolone corn poison bait was laid out for 6 consecutive days in the four large hotels with similar environmental conditions and serious rodent damage. And then the 4 hotels were randomly divided into two groups, of which ecological approaches to deratization were followed in one, with the other used as the control group. S-100 method was used to evaluate the deratization effect by the deratization rate based on the difference in the rodent density between the 2 groups within 6 months. Results The deratization rate of 0.005% bromadiolone corn poison bait for the 4 hotels was 96.92%, 97.06%, 96.82% and 97.53%, respectively, with the overall deratization rate being 97.12% within the 6 months. By the end of the observation, the rat density of the 2 hotels in the test group increased only by 2.97 compared with that at the time when corn poison bait deratization was completed, while the density of the 2 hotels in the control group increased by 34.34 in the same period of time with a difference of 31.37 between the two groups(u=22.24, P<0.01). Conclusion The deratization effect with poison bait followed by ecological approaches is a highly effective means for safe deratization and prolonged maintenance of the state.

Objective To examine vectors and related disease surveillance, and improve the ability to prevent and control related infectious diseases. To integrate existing vectors-related disease surveillance and vector population density surveillance into a comprehensive monitoring mode, in order to achieve sharing and rational allocation of public health resources. Methods Four levels of comprehensive monitoring mechanisms were explored: 1) Pdisease control and prevention; 2) Municipal disease control and prevention; 3) County-level disease control and prevention; and 4) Disease control and prevention in special large- scale enterprises. Results A total of 89 Haemaphysalis longicornis, Dermacentor silvarum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus were captured during emergency monitoring. A total of 2000 Culex pipiens pallens, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, Anopheles sinensis and Aedes albopictus were also collected. Routine comprehensive monitoring captured 42 766 mosquitoes, including 30 871 Cx. pipiens pallens, 10 211 Cx. tritaeniorhynchus, 1322 An. sinensis, 89 Ae. albopictus, and 273 other mosquito species, accounting for 72.18%, 23.88%, 3.09%, 0.21%, 0.64%, respectively. Three hundred twenty-one mice were captured at the monitoring spots with a capture rate of 2.03%, including 131 Rattus norvegicus, 118 Mus musculus, 64 R. rattus, and 8 Apodemus agrarius, accounting for 40.81%, 36.76%, 19.94% and 2.49%, respectively. R. rattus were only caught in Jiaonan. Pathogenic surveillance during emergency monitoring found two ticks positive for pathogens and no positive mosquitoes. Specimens from conventional comprehensive monitoring were sent to the national Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Conclusion A comprehensive monitoring mechanism integrating vector-borne disease surveillance and population density monitoring could achieve the sharing of epidemic information, vectors and Results of pathogen detection. This integration would have great significance to the prediction and early warming of vector-borne disease epidemics.

Objective To compare the efficacy of light and CO₂ trapping lamps in laboratory and field settings. Methods The Methods of CO₂ trapping lamp and light trapping lamp were used in this study. Results The two trapping lamps were both effective in attracting mosquitoes. The capture rates were 45.33% for light lamps and 71.67% for CO₂ lamps in the laboratory, and the captured mosquito density was 10.56/lamp·hour and 20.43/lamp·hour, respectively. Culex pipiens pallens, Anopheles sinensis and Aedes albopictus were collected with a female-to-male ratio of 0.88∶1 and 4.57∶1 using the two methods, respectively. Conclusion Both trapping lamps could be used alone or in combination for accurate mosquito monitoring dependent on the habitat and purposes.

Objective To evaluate alluring effects of monitoring devices on spawning mosquitoes under simulated and field settings. Methods Alluring effects were recorded for 12 h (overnight) in laboratory stimulated and field environments with ecological water (from the field habitats) and dechlorinated tap water as the baits. Results In the stimulated scenario, the trapping rate was 56.5% for female mosquitoes, and in a 50/50 subject group 40.0% and 4.0% for female and male mosquitoes, respectively. In the field, obvious alluring effects were noted in buildings and crowded areas, as well as remarkable selective trapping effects on female mosquiotes in grassy and sparsely populated areas (t＝4.916, P＜0.05). The trapping effect of ecological water was better than dechlorinated tap water. Conclusion The alluring effect of monitoring devices on spawning mosquitoes was observed in both the stimulated and field setting. The selective trapping effect on female mosquiotoes in the field was dependent on habitat, meteorological

Objective To get an insight into the resistance mechanisms of Musca domestica to beta-cypermethrin so that a theoretical basis was provided for the selection of a rapid and accurate monitoring technique and for the scientific use of insecticides. Methods The glutathione peroxidase(GSH-PX) activities of three strains of M. domestica cultured in laboratory, the beta-cypermethrin resistant strains, the resistance decay strains and the sensitive strains was detected by SDS-PAGE analysis to evaluate the role of the peroxisome in the development of M. domestica resistance. Results It was found that GSH-PX activity of the resistant M. domestica increased significantly with a relative activity of 165.89% in contrast with the activity of the enzyme that decreased to 70.13% in the resistance decay strains. Significant differences were visualized in 6 bands of the electrophoresis pattern of the 3 strains. Conclusion The change in the peroxidase activity in M. domestica strains resistant to beta-cypermethrin may play an important role in the development of M. domestica resistance.

Objective To observe the deratization effects of acute and chronic bait poisons applied in bait boxes on rodent, particularly Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus. Methods On-the-spot test was carried out in West Caishi Village, Licheng district, Jinan city. One bait box, containing 0.5% gophacide and 0.05% sodium diphacinone wheat granules of 50 g in the acute poisoning group or 100 g in the chronic group, was placed in each room. Each group included 90 households for effect assessment using the S100 grill powder-track method. Results For the acute poisoning group, at day 5, 10, 15 and 20, the overall deratization rates were 77.54%, 82.36%, 88.50% and 93.78%, respectively; the killing rates on M. musculus were 76.81%, 82.83%, 88.92% and 94.14%, respectively, and on R. norvegicus 100%, 68.29%, 75.61% and 80.49%, respectively. As to the chronic bait group, at day 10, 20, 30 and 60, the overall deratization rates were 90.93%, 93.17%, 98.11% and 98.28% respectively; the killing rates on M. musculus were 91.12%, 93.24%, 98.18% and 98.24%, respectively and on R. norvegicus 80.95%, 92.86%, 95.24% and 100%. The overall deratization effect at day 10 in the chronic group was better than that of the acute group (u=11.43, P<0.01). Conclusion Chronic anticoagulant baits applied in bait boxes were significantly effective in rodent control.

Objective To determine the mechanisms of development and hereditary patterns of the resistance against pyrethroids in Musca domestica using beta?cypermethrin-resistant strain domestically produced by selective breeding, providing scientific  basis  for  the establishment of practical management strategies to restrain the development of insecticide resistance for effective control of houseflies.  Methods Beta-cypermethrin of median lethal  concentration  applied  to  each  generation  of  susceptible  M. domestica  strains, the resistance selective breeding was performed in compliance with the National Standard  GB 13917.1-13917.8－92, Laboratory efficacy test methods and criterions of public health insecticides for pesticide registration. Bioassay methods were utilized to determine the LD50 of generations of M. domestica from which the resistance index was generated. Results Continuous affection of beta?cypermethrin on twenty?two generations of selective breeding gave arise to rapid development of strong resistance in susceptible M. domestica strains, resulting in a resistant line with the resistance index of 104.23 folds. Conclusion The occurrence and development of resistance in M. domestica was the result of the directional selection favoring traits of resistance genes exerted by the insecticide. The stronger the selection pressure is, the faster the resistance develops. Different methods of insecticide application pose significant influence on selective breeding for resistance.

【Abstract】 Objective To further explore the action mechanism of lambda?cyhalothrin by researching the effect of it to Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) of Blattella germanica, and to provide theoretical basis and useful methods for the control and prevention of B.germanica. Methods Lambda?cyhalothrin with different concentrations was sprayed on B.germanica according to the method of GB 13917.1-13917.8－92, and the activities of SOD and GPX were determined by kits.  Results The induction of lambda?cyhalothrin with different concentrations to SOD and GPX varied with time, and the induction effect had a positive relationship with the concentrations of lambda?cyhalothrin. The relative activities of SOD and GPX appeared the trend of “rise?decrease?rise” within 144 h. Conclusion The lower concentration of lambda?cyhalothrin has obvious induction to SOD and GPX, and the increase of SOD and GPX activity has the relationship to the resistance and tolerance of cockroach to lambda?cyhalothrin.

【Abstract】 Objective To compare the characteristics of mosquito communities structure at different altitude of Mengshan mountains Methods The mosquito communities structure at different altitude of Mengshan mountains were compared and analyzed with the indexes of substance content of biota（SCB）, species abundance and diversity（SAD）, probability of interspecific encounter（PIE）, community uniformiry（CU）, biomass （BM） and species density（SD）, and the relativity of mosquito communities comparability index was performed. Results A total of 2013 mosquitoes were colleted. Of which, a sum of 1724 mosquitoes were collected within 200-300 m, accounting for 85%. There were 257 mosquitoes at 700-800 m, accounting for 13%, and only 32 mosquitoes at 1156 m which was the top of the mountain, accounting for 2%. The six index mentioned above were 13, 0.345, 0.272, 0.310, 1.20, and 1724 at 200-300 m, 12, 0.417, 0.443, 0.417, 0.18, and 257 at 700-800 m, and 9, 0.677, 0.845, 0.750, 0.06 and 32 at 1156 m. The comparability index between 700-800 m and 1156 m was higher with the value of 0.3625, following with the indexes between 700-800 m and 200-300 m which the values were all 0.1852. And it was the lowest between 1156 m and 200-300 m with the value of 0.1452. The results showed that the distance was nearer, the comparability was bigger, according with the practical investigation results. Conclusion There was distinct difference among the mosquitoes communities diversity at the different altitude. The SCB, BM and SD of mosquito communities in higher altitude were lower than those in lower altitude. But the CU, SAD and PIE of mosquito communities in higher altitude were higher than those in lower altitude. Furthermore, the distance of habitats was nearer, the community structures were more similar, and vice versa. The biological diversity was of great importance to study community structure of mosquitoes.

Objective To study the control effect of dichlorophacinon ammonium, a new type of anticoagulant rodenticide, to Rattus norvegicus in the special environment. Methods 0.5% salt as attractant, adding to 0.005% dichlorophacinon ammoniumthe mixed poisonous baits including 95% wheat and 5% corn, and kill rodents with one-off application method. Evaluate the control efficacy with rodent trace method. Investigate the population density of R.norvegicust the second month after treatment, and add up six times. Results The rodent density was 55.47% before treatment, while it decreased to 0.78% and 0% after traeatment for 27 d and 40 d, respectively. The rodent density was zero from the second month to seventh month after treatment, and the control effect reached 100%. Conclusion The dichlorophacinon ammonium had the high toxicity and good palatability to R.norvegicus, which had good control efficacy in the special environment.

Objective To understand the deratization effect and toxicity of 0.0375% racumin wheat bait to non-target animals in laboratory and different fields,and provide scientific basis for rodent control.Methods Detecting the palatableness and effect of poison bait on deratization in laboratory by the methods of grouping rising and providing poison bait selectively,and determine the rat density with 100 standards powderboards method and calculate the deratization rate,toxicity of poison bait to rabbit and chicken by the methods of single rising and providing poison bait non-selectively and detect indirect toxicity of poison bait by feeding cats and dogs with poison bait.Results The coefficient of intake was 0.73,the deratization rate was 100% in laboratory;It was 97.61%,97.43%,97.71%,100% and 100% respectively in natural countryside,canteen,hotel,food supermarket and food processing factory.The total field deratization rate was 98.02%,the corrected total field deratization rate was 98.17%;when continuously providing poison bait 3 d,the mortality rate of rabbit and chicken was 40% and 20% respectively,while continuously providing 5 d,the mortality rate was 100% and 80% respectively.When feeding cat continuously 3 d with poisoned mouse and domestic dog continuously 2 d with poisoned brown rat,no poisoning occurred.Conclusion The palatableness of the product is good,the deratization effect are good in laboratory and different fields,it has toxicity to the non-targetanimal,but the effect is limited,so it is a good and relatively safe rodenticide.

Objective To test the effect of dichlorvos and beta-cypermethrin on catalase activity,and analyse their resistance evolution with different insecticide application methods,and to provide evidence for Musca domestica control.Methods Apply insecticides to M.domestica at adulthood or larvae phase,LD ₅₀ of different generation of M.domestica were tested,and the index of fastness was calculated,and test the CAT activities of M.domestica on different generations,analyse trends of change.Results More change on activities of CAT happened on groups which touched insecticides at larvae phase and groups which were exposed dichlorvos.The high tops((DR2-6)、(LR2-8)) reach(37.157 5 U/mg) and(28.140 7 U/mg),the difference have meanings on statistics( (P<0.002 5), P<0.005);the activities of CAT of groups which touch dichlorvos changes more,especially touch insecticides at larvae phase,the highest((DR2-6,37.157 5 U/mg)) and lowest point((DR2-8),(6.566 2 U/mg)) of the test appeared in this group,the three point((DR2-8,6.566 2 U/mg);(DR1-8,11.031 0 U/mg);(DR2-10,12.446 1 U/mg)) which lower than before all appeared in the group which touch dichlorvos.Conclusion There are more effects on M.domestica when it met insecticides on larvae phase;compared with alpha-cypermethrin,we presume connections between activities of CAT and Dichlorvos are more.

Objective To compare on the biological diversity of mosquitoes at different altitude Mengshan mountains.Methods Apply human-bait net trap,human-bait landing catches,cow-bait landing catches,human-bait net catches and whipping net methods to obtain adult mosquitoes,and the larvae was counted gaining by 50-500 ml spoons,and record the environmental.The indexes of abundane and diversity(SAD),ralative rate species( RR),relative extreme amount species( RA),community uniformiry(CU),biomass and probability of inter-specific encounter( PIE),the D _max and species density(SD) were investigated and compared.The similarity indice between different connunities were derived statistically.Results Total 2 013 mosquitoes were collected,of which 1 724 were at 200-300 m,accounting for 85.6%,257 at 700-800 m,accounting for 12.8%,and only 32 at 1 156 m,the top of the mountains.The seven index are 13,16.67,76.92,0.272,0.310,0.71,1 724 at 200-300 m;12,58.33,16.67,0.443,0.417,0.69,157 at 700-800 m,and 9,22.22,0.00,0.845,0.750,0.25,32 at 1 156 m.The RA was more at 200-300 m,and the RR was more at 700-800 m.Conclusion The biological diversity of community structures of mosquioes depend on their habitat,the SAD and SD of mosquito communities in higher altitude are lower than those in lower altitude,but the CU and PIE are hight.When the RA is higher,the PIE is lower,then the D . is higher also.

Objective By studying the biochemistry indexs in Blattella germanica resistant monitoring,to know the resistance of B.germanica.Methods Field populations of B.germanica were captured from Jinan,Qingdao and Dongying.Beta cypermethrin at different concentration was sprayed based on the method of GB 13917.1,13917.8-92 for insecticide registered testing indoor effect.The enzymes activities were tested using kits.Results There were significant differant activities of AChE,SOD and GPx compared with cypermethrin treated population and susceptible strain,while the activities of Na-K-ATP _ase and Ca-ATP _ase weren't significantly different between them.Conclusion The activities of AChE,SOD and GPx may be effective indexes of resistant monitoring to beta-cypermethrin and Na-K-ATP _ase and Ca-ATP _ase activities can only be reference indexes.

Objective To test the rebounding speed of rat density after deratization in large storehouses and canteens and to set the intervals for control. Methods The corn poison bait of 0.005%bromadiolone was put for 4 d,the 100 division powder board was used to determine the rat density and calculate the rate of deratization and the rebounding rate of rat density. Results The rat density(the average number of division covered per board) was 7.44and 8.87respectively in storehouses and canteens before deratization,it dropped to 0.14and 0.28respectively 21 dafter deratization,with the rate of deratization at 98.12%and 96.84% respectively. The rebounding rate of rat density was 1.88%,3.49%,4.57%,8.74%,13.17%,23.25%,79.44%and 100.81%respectively in storehouses for 1-8months after deratization respectively. And the rebounding rate of rat density was 3.61%,6.99%,16.01%,23.68%,62.01%and 100.90%respectively in canteens 1-6months after deratization. Conclusion The rat density can be maintained at a low level in storehouses within 6 months and in canteens 4 months after deratization. The rebounding speed of rat density is related to food sources,water sources,rat prevention installations and environments. And it is suggested that deratization should be conducted once every 5-6months in storehouses and 3-4months in canteens.

Objective Observe the biting cycles of the Armigeres subbalbeatusand analyze influence factors on them.Methods Collect mosquitoes by the methods of human baited net trap,human biting catches,net trap and house catches and record the environmental factors. Results The biting of the Armigeres subbalbeatuswas mainly at night,there are two peak periods at a biting cycle: The dust peak period was from 18 to 21o′clock in the evening,the morning peak period was from 2 to 3 o′clock in the wee hours. The former was higher than the latter. The environmental factors influence the biting action of the Armigeres subbalbeatus. The mosquito net trap is a better way to study the biting cycles of the Armigeres subbalbeatus.Conclusion The biting action of Armigeres subbalbeatusmainly was outdoors,so it had better avoid camping in the summer.

Objective To more perfectly understand the operational mechanisms of α-cypermethrin and provide theoretical basis and useful methods by researching dosage effect and time effect between α-cypermethrin and acetylcholinesterase(AChE) activities in Blattella germanica.Methods Quantitative α-cypermethrin at different rate was sprayed based on the method of GB13917.1-GB13917.8-92 for insecticide registered testing indoor effect.The activities of AChE were determined by using Acetylcholinesterase(AChE) Kit.Results Inhibition of α-cypermethrin on AChE activities of Blattella germanica showed concentration gradient effect in 48 hours.The results showed the correlation of concentration of α-cypermethrin and inhibiting time effect on AChE activities of Blattella germanica in 144 hours and death rate of Blattella germanica in 72 hours was positive relationship.Conclusion AChE is one target of α-cypermethrin in Blattella germanica.Because of sensitivity decrease of AChE,target resistance is one of the important resistant mechanisms to α-cypermethrin.The activity of AChE in Blattella germanica may be one of the indices for determining resistant level to pyrethroid insecticides.

Objective To develop a high effective and hypotoxic bait using propoxur as the active ingredient.Methods The indoor effect was determined using the method of GB13917.7-92.GB/T17322.8-1998 for insecticide registered testing indoor effect.In the field test,to determine the PRI,2 houses were selected as the treatment and control,respectively.In the toxicity test,the method for toxicologic test(GB15670-1995) was used.Results In the indoor test,LT ₅₀ for Blattella germanica was 1.2 day,the mortaliy was 100% within 4 days.In the field test,the PRI for Periplaneta japanica was 25.7,17.3 and 9.8 and the killing rate was 66%,82% and 92.2% for 1,10 and 20 d treatment,respectively.In the toxicity test,LD ₅₀ was above > 1 000 mg/kg.Conclusion The prepared bait of propoxur with lasting effect and and hypotoxicity has both contact and stomach poison actions,at the same time,it is reliable and convenient.

Objective:To study the effect and level of attraction of pheromone on Musca domestica.Methods:In laboratory the forced contact method was used to examine the quick killing effect and the mortality rate within 24 h,and the square box method was used to examine the effect of attraction.In field the effect of duration of two insecticides was observed.Results:KT ⁵⁰ was 2.17 min and 1.92 min for carbamate and organophosphorus smear insecticide respectively,and the mortality rate was 100% within 24 h for both smear insecticides.The number of Musca domestica within 30 min in the test of attraction was 22 for carbamate smear insecticides,12 for granular insecticides,and 3 for simple carbamate smear insecticides;23 for new-type organophosphorus smear insecticides,11 for granular insecticides,and 4 for simple new-type organophosphorus insecticides.Smear and granular insecticides were used in the field experiment to observe the effect of duration.In the records on the 1 ^st,5 ^th,10 ^th,20 ^thand 30 ^th day,the number of Musca domestica was 192,154,73,47 and 1 for carbamate smear insecticides,and 178,102,41,19 and 2 for granular insecticides;209,172,117,88 and 54 for new-type organophosphorus smear insecticides,and 160,146,105,50 and 24 for granular insecticides.Conclusion:Both smear insecticides had better quick killing effect and stronger attraction,and effect of attraction had been raised 5 times after attractant fortified in the smear insecticides.

"Solfac", which is a 10% wettable powder and "Responsar", which is a 12.5%flowable formulation have the same active ingredient-Cyfluthrin.Their KT50 and the lasting effectsto housefly were observed in the laboratdry.And the efficacy difference resulting from formula wasanalysed.This results may provide a reliable basis for the proper selection of insecticide and the improvement of control effectiveness for the control of insect vector.

The current insecticide resistance of house fly in different regions Of Shandong province were presented.The results demonstrate that there were a high resistance level to pyrethroid in all regions; there were a high resistance level in region where organophosphate were used frequently and in high quantities; the resistance to carbamate developed quickly in some regions; and the resistance to organochlorine, which has been banned for many years, have recovered to a very sensitive level.The cause for resistance's development and the Strategy to delay it's development in house fly were discussed.

By observations on the bionomics of Periplaneta japonica, we discovered that duringJune to August its population density is the highest in northern China.In June it is imago and in Augustit is mainly larvae.By the field insecticide experiment, we found that the optimal time for effective control of Periplaneta japonica is in May to June in northern China.

It was the first report about the species and distribution of cockroaches in Sha ndong Province.From 1987 to 1992 we made an investigation on cockroaches in different regions of Shandong and found 7 species belonging to 3 families and 5genera(p.americana Linne.1758,P.fuliginosa Serville,1839,P.japonica Karny.1908,B.germanica Linne,1767,P. Kyotensis Asahina.E.sinensis Walk,1868,P.plancyi Bolivar).These species were mainly distributed over Jiaodong and Luzhongnan.The dominants were P.japonica Karny.1908 and B.germanica Linne.1767.

This paper reported the develpment zero and effective accumulative temperature of Musca domestica L. and calculated the occurrence generations and the peak of adult density in the whole year according to the data of local temperature. The results showed that the development zero was 8.2℃, and the effective accumulative temperature was 241.25(day-deg-ree). In a year, Musca domestica L can breed 12 generations, and there are two peaks of adult density-June and September. It is conformable with the practical investigation that we have made. This method is of great importance for working out the control strategies.